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Acute bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory condition affecting small to medium-sized bronchi caused by viruses. It is characterized by acute inflammation, swelling, necrosis of airway epithelial cells, increased mucus production, and bronchial spasms. This condition is commonly seen in children under 2 years old and presents clinical symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and/or chest retraction. If left undetected and untreated, it can lead to severe complications. Among the viruses causing acute bronchiolitis, RSV accounts for two-thirds of cases. This virus spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through close contact. Infants and young children, due to their underdeveloped immune systems, are particularly susceptible, especially in crowded environments or when exposed to infected individuals.
Early Symptoms
In its initial stages, acute bronchiolitis may resemble the flu, leading to potential misdiagnosis. Early signs include:
♦ Dry cough, runny nose, nasal congestion
♦ Mild fever or no fever
♦ Fatigue, loss of appetite
These symptoms typically last a few days and may resolve on their own. However, as the condition can progress rapidly, parents should monitor the child closely.
Signs of Severe Bronchiolitis
In some cases, bronchiolitis can worsen, leading to more severe symptoms, such as:
♦ Wheezing while breathing, rapid, shallow, or difficult breathing.
♦ Chest retractions during breathing, with the child showing discomfort and refusing to stay still.
♦ Bluish lips and fingertips, especially when oxygen levels are low.
♦ Refusal to feed, dehydration, fatigue, and constant irritability or crying.
If these signs are present, the child must be taken to a healthcare facility immediately for treatment. Delayed intervention can lead to complications such as pneumonia or respiratory failure.
To reduce the risk of RSV infection, parents should:
♦ Maintain personal hygiene, and ensure clean hands for both the child and caregivers.
♦ Avoid taking the child to crowded places or exposing them to individuals with signs of illness.
♦ Ensure a clean, well-ventilated environment, free of tobacco smoke.
For children with mild symptoms, ensure they get adequate rest, stay hydrated, and receive proper nutrition to boost immunity. However, because the disease can escalate quickly, parents are advised to consult a doctor for proper examination and treatment.
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